Afghan peace process

Peace processes have taken place during several phases of the Afghanistan conflict, which has lasted since the 1978 Saur Revolution.^[1]

The National Reconciliation Policy during the Karmal and Najibullah governments from the mid-1980s to 1992 had modest results.^[2]

A "victor's peace" in the 2001 Bonn Agreement followed the US invasion of Afghanistan.^[3]^[4] During the Hamid Karzai presidency (2004–2014), local peace deals took place without high-level support,^[5] weakly effective disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs were organised,^[6] and the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission proposed an Action Plan for Peace, Reconciliation and Justice for transitional justice that was formally adopted by the Afghan government in 2005, to little practical effect.^[7] During the Ashraf Ghani presidency, nonviolent resistance movements in Afghanistan, including the Tabassum movement in 2015, the Enlightenment Movement during 2016–2017, Uprising for Change in 2017, and the People's Peace Movement in March 2018, were active^[8]^[9]^[10] and a brief ceasefire between government forces and the Taliban was held during 16–18 June by both sides simultaneously.^[11] The US–Taliban deal, resulting from negotiations starting in 2018 in Doha,^[12] led to the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan, the collapse of the Afghan Army,^[13] and the August 2021 Fall of Kabul to the Taliban.^[14]

Violent resistance continued following the Taliban 2021 takeover. The United States Institute of Peace (USIP) argued that a peace process continued to be necessary.^[15] On 5 September 2021, Ahmad Massoud of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan involved in the Republican insurgency in Afghanistan called for a mutual ceasefire between the insurgency and the Taliban.^[16]

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^ Cite error: The named reference HumSoc_peace_and_exclusion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AAN_Tell_us_how_this_ends_exec_summary was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Accord_brokering_local_Helmand was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^ Cite error: The named reference USIP_people_power_AF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference NYT_grassroots_AF_movement was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference TOLO_PPM_Balkh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_Taliban_resume_fighting was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^ Cite error: The named reference USIP_Afghanisation_peace_efforts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference AJE_Panjshir_resistance_leader was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AAN_an_april_day_that_changed-1] Cite error: The named reference AAN_an_april_day_that_changed was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Accord_President_Najibullah-2] Cite error: The named reference Accord_President_Najibullah was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[HumSoc_peace_and_exclusion-3] Cite error: The named reference HumSoc_peace_and_exclusion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AAN_Tell_us_how_this_ends_exec_summary-4] Cite error: The named reference AAN_Tell_us_how_this_ends_exec_summary was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Accord_brokering_local_Helmand-5] Cite error: The named reference Accord_brokering_local_Helmand was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AAN_disarming_militias_DDR_DIAG-6] Cite error: The named reference AAN_disarming_militias_DDR_DIAG was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AAN_Tell_us_how_this_ends-7] Cite error: The named reference AAN_Tell_us_how_this_ends was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[USIP_people_power_AF-8] Cite error: The named reference USIP_people_power_AF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[NYT_grassroots_AF_movement-9] Cite error: The named reference NYT_grassroots_AF_movement was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[TOLO_PPM_Balkh-10] Cite error: The named reference TOLO_PPM_Balkh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AJE_Taliban_resume_fighting-11] Cite error: The named reference AJE_Taliban_resume_fighting was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ICPVTR_US_Taliban_deal-12] Cite error: The named reference ICPVTR_US_Taliban_deal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AJE_US_withdrawal_prompted_collapse-13] Cite error: The named reference AJE_US_withdrawal_prompted_collapse was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[WaPo_surprise_panic_fateful-14] Cite error: The named reference WaPo_surprise_panic_fateful was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[USIP_Afghanisation_peace_efforts-15] Cite error: The named reference USIP_Afghanisation_peace_efforts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[AJE_Panjshir_resistance_leader-16] Cite error: The named reference AJE_Panjshir_resistance_leader was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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